自考英語(yǔ)二復習資料

UNIT 1-1

UNIT 1
一、 word study
objective,accompany,argue,define
①objective
a.⑴客觀(guān)的，真實(shí)的。⑵如實(shí)的，無(wú)偏見(jiàn)的。
We have to accept the objective reality as it is.
我們必須接受客觀(guān)事實(shí)。
The literary critics should be as objective as possible in analysis and judgement.
文學(xué)批評家在分析和評價(jià)時(shí)應盡量不偏不倚。
n.目標，目的。
People work hard to carry out the economic objectives of the Ninth Five-Year Plan.
人們?yōu)榱藢?shí)現第九個(gè)五年規劃的經(jīng)濟目標而努力工作。
My objective for the present is to pass the oral exam.
我目前的目標是通過(guò)口試。
②accompany
vt./vi.1、伴隨，陪同；2、為。。。伴奏
The singer was accompanied on the piano by his pupil.
演唱者由他的學(xué)生擔任鋼琴伴奏。
The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog.
這位孤獨的老人讓他的狗作伴。
All orders must be accompanied with cash.
所有的訂貨單必須隨附現金。
③argue
vt./vi.爭辯，爭論，辯論
作不及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，后邊可以接with,about或over，for（贊成）或against（反對）。
She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues.
她總喜歡為極小的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行爭論。
He often argues philosophy with James.
他常和詹姆斯討論哲學(xué)。
He argued for immediate action.
他主張立即行動(dòng)。
They argued against such a policy.
他們反對這種政策。
vt.1、說(shuō)服；2、用辯論說(shuō)服
argue into（out of）doing sth..   說(shuō)服某人做（不做）某事。
I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.
我說(shuō)服他不做這樣危險的旅行。
He argued that man was descended from apes.
他論證人類(lèi)的祖先是猿。
④define
vt.1、解釋?zhuān)o。。。下定義；2、限定，規定。
Work is defined as the product of a force and the distance through which its point of application moves in the direction of the force.
功的定義是力和力的著(zhù)力點(diǎn)沿力的方向移動(dòng)的距離的乘積。
He has defined his position on the issues.
他已表明自己在這些問(wèn)題上的立場(chǎng)。

UNIT 1-2

二、 ?？季湫?br/>1、決策是在現有的可選做法中所做的選擇。P1
A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.
2、管理者經(jīng)常必須對未來(lái)的情況下做出最佳的猜測，盡量不存僥幸。P2
Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance.
3、如果沒(méi)有選擇，就無(wú)決策可言。P3
If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.
4、對于管理者而言，每次決策都受到政策、程序、法律、慣例等待因素的制約。P3
For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.
5、例如，管理者有時(shí)以非此即彼的方式來(lái)處理問(wèn)題。P4
For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.
6、決策者們必須有辦法決定數個(gè)可選項中的哪一個(gè)是最好的---哪一個(gè)對組織目標的實(shí)現起作用最大。P6
Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best—that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.
7、就更大的系統來(lái)說(shuō)，增加研究經(jīng)費以便改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品，對該組織更有益。P6
In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.
8、有些目標比另一些目標更重要，但其排序和重要性則因人和部門(mén)而異。P7
Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department .
三、 習題
1.單詞英譯漢
goal, objective, accomplish, predict, accompany, implement, tendency, achievement, argue, budget, define, entity,
2.詞組英譯漢
in the way, in part, point of view, contribute to, to apply for, in hand, to turn down
3.句子英譯漢
與?？季湫拖嗤?。
4.Text A 漢譯英
決策者應該能夠對將來(lái)作出最好的推測。
Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be.
有人認為經(jīng)理們所作的一切均與決策有關(guān)。
Some people believe almost everything a manager does involves decision.
沒(méi)有正確的選擇就沒(méi)有正確的決定。
If there is no proper choice, there is no proper decision.
不同的人對同樣的問(wèn)題有不同的看法，所以解決的辦法也不同。
Different people have different ideas about the same problem; their solutions to the problem are, therefore, also different.
決策者往往是公司業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。
Decision makers often play the key role in the development of the business of a company.
Decision makers are usually key people who determine the company's business development.

UNIT 1-3

四、歷年試題
1. Almost everything a manager does _______ (involve) decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making . (99.4)。
答案是involves . 考點(diǎn): involve 為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，應該用一般現在時(shí)。
2.If there is no choice, there is no decision _______(make). (99.4)
答案是to be made ?？键c(diǎn)：to be made 是動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)修飾decision.
3. If you are now_____your thirties, you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. (99.4)
A. in B. at C. between D. among
答案是　A.
4. Almost everything a manager does_____decisions; indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. (00.4)
A. imposes B. improvise C. involves D. indicates
答案為C .
5. When______(present) with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.
答案為presented . 考點(diǎn)： present 是過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)。
6. An organization is a group of people, and a decision_____(make) today may have consequences far into the future.
答案是made . 考點(diǎn)：make 是過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)， 修飾decision .
7. 漢譯英：通常管理者必須對未來(lái)的情況作出最佳的預測。
答案：Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be.
1. 決策的目的是為了實(shí)現組織的目標。
答：The purpose of making a decision is to achieve organizational goals.
2. 決策過(guò)程對經(jīng)營(yíng)管理至關(guān)重要。
答： The decision-making process is fundamental to business management.
3. 經(jīng)理所做的任何事情幾乎都與決策有關(guān)。
答：Almost everything a manager does involves decision-making.
4. 雖然我們不能預見(jiàn)未來(lái)，但應當盡量減少偶然性發(fā)生。
答： Although we cannot predict the future, we must try t leave as little as possible to chance.
5. 不同的管理者對同一問(wèn)題的解釋不同。
答： Different manager define the same problem in different terms.

UNIT 2-1

一、word study
exert,collapse,lauch,operate
① exert
vt.盡（力）；發(fā)揮（威力等）；施加（壓力等）；產(chǎn)生（影響等）；行使（職權等）
He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal.
他已盡了全力以達到自己的目標。
He has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind.
他一直在施加種種壓力要我改變主意。
These principles exerted great influence upon the course of the revolution.
這些原則對革命進(jìn)程產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。
② collapse
n.1、倒塌，崩潰，瓦解；2、（健康等）垮掉，（因精疲力竭等原因）倒下
The storm caused the collapse of the wooden shelter.
暴風(fēng)雨使這個(gè)避風(fēng)雨的木棚倒塌了。
He suffered from a nervous collapse.
他的精神崩潰了。
The collapse of the government left the country in confusion.
政府的倒臺使全國陷入混亂之中。
vi.倒塌，崩潰
The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow.
屋頂被雪壓塌了。
The negotiations collapsed after several meetings.
會(huì )談了幾次之后，談判破裂了。
In the last weeks of the war she collapsed from long imprisonment.
在戰爭的最后幾個(gè)星期里她的身體因長(cháng)期監禁而垮掉了。
③ lauch
vt 1、發(fā)射，投射；2、使（船）下水
The satellite was launched in a rocket.
這顆衛星是由火箭發(fā)射的。
The hunter launched a spear at the wolf.
獵人把矛向狼擲去。
A new ship has been successfully launched.
一條新船已成功地下水。
vt ./vi.發(fā)動(dòng)，發(fā)起（運動(dòng)等）
launch out into 開(kāi)始，著(zhù)手進(jìn)行
Our army launched an attack on the enemy.
我們的軍隊向敵人發(fā)起猛攻。
The police launched an investigation into the case.
警察對此案開(kāi)展了調查。
The research group launched out into a series of new experiment.
研究小組著(zhù)手進(jìn)行了一系列新的實(shí)驗。

UNIT 2-2

④ operate
vi. 1、運轉，起作用；2、動(dòng)手術(shù)（on,upon）
The elevator operates smoothly.
電梯運行順利。
The medicine gradually operated.
藥物逐漸奏效了。
The doctor operated on the neck of the patient.
醫生給病人的頸部動(dòng)手術(shù)。
vt.1、操作，操縱，經(jīng)營(yíng)；2、對。。。動(dòng)手術(shù)
This airline operates five main lines and dozens of branch lines.
這家航空公司經(jīng)營(yíng)五條主干線(xiàn)和十幾條支線(xiàn)。
Do you know how to operate the machine?
你知道怎么開(kāi)這臺機器嗎？
The doctor operated the patient on the neck.
醫生給病人的頸部動(dòng)手術(shù)。
He was operated on for lung cancer.
他因肺癌動(dòng)了手術(shù)。
二、?？季湫?/span>
1、天文學(xué)家和科學(xué)家認為黑洞是一種空間區，物質(zhì)可以掉進(jìn)黑洞但任何物質(zhì)不能逃脫。P1
Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape.
2、理論上是這樣的：當某些星體的密度增大到某一特定點(diǎn)時(shí)便發(fā)生爆炸。P2
The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.
3、有人認為圣誕星可能是一顆超新星。P2
Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.
4、假定一個(gè)人掉進(jìn)黑洞，他會(huì )認為很快就能到達黑洞中心。P3
If a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.
5、只是在近幾年天文學(xué)家才開(kāi)始具體研究黑洞。P3
It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
6、另一方面，科學(xué)家們也在設想，由于有非常先進(jìn)的技術(shù)，人們也許能在將來(lái)利用黑洞為人類(lèi)服務(wù)。P5
On the other hand, scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.
三、習題
Unit 2 練習：
1.詞匯英譯漢：
escape, explode, collapse, shrink, gravity, measurement, basis, launch, convincing, companion,
speculation, swallow, operate, to make use of, a great many, above all
2.句子英譯漢：
1) ~6) 與?？季湫拖嗤?。
7) There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.
8) They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.

UNIT 2-3

3 句子漢譯英
黑洞是什么，天文學(xué)家還沒(méi)有完全解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
Astronomers have not yet fully solved the problem of what a black hole is.
據說(shuō)黑洞可以將其周?chē)囊磺形矬w，如星星吞食掉。
It is said that black holes are able to swallow up all the objects around them, such as stars .
對黑洞的研究剛剛開(kāi)始，各種各樣的假說(shuō)層出不窮。
The research of black holes is just beginning and speculation about them are endless.
科學(xué)家仍不能說(shuō)出黑洞內發(fā)生了什么。
Scientists still can not tell what happens inside a black hole.
It is still impossible for scientists to tell what happens inside a black hole.
如果我們認識了黑洞，黑洞就不那么可怕了。
If we understood black holes, they would not be so fearful .
Black holes will not be so fearful if we get to know them.
單元課后練習
Ⅰ.Word Spelling
1.密度 n. density _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2.（使）倒塌，（使）崩潰 v. collapse _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3.邊界線(xiàn)，邊界 n. boundary _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.永恒的，經(jīng)久不變的 a.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5.基礎，根據 n.b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6.發(fā)射，發(fā)動(dòng) v.l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7.雙胞胎之一 a.t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.同伴，同事 n.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9.人類(lèi) n.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10.推測，猜測 n.s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11.吞 v.s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
12.不充分的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13.物質(zhì) n.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14.情況，環(huán)境 a.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
15.發(fā)生，出現 v.o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
16.強烈的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
17.證據 n.e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18.看不見(jiàn)的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19.宇航員 n.a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20.熱帶的 a.t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ⅱ.Word Form
1.Supernovae____(report) by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
2.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still____(have) the same mass, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.
3.If one____(make) a journey over the Continents one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.
4.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars____(believe) to be black holes.
5.Matter from the one which we can see____(pull) towards the companion star.

UNIT 2-4

6.There might be a massive black hole at the centre of our galaxy____(swallow) up stars at a very rapid rate.
7.The most____(convince) evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.
8.They show us a world which operates in a ____(total) different way from our own.
9.The surface of some areas____(consist) largely of high mountains and deep valleys.
10.Our world is the home of a very great many different people-peoples with different____(colour) skins.
Ⅲ.Vocabulary and Structure
1.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing)____which matter has fallen and____which nothing can escape-not even light.
[A] into into
[B] into from
[C] from into
[D] from from
2.This process of shrinking may be so intense____a black hole results.
[A] whether
[B] what
[C] which
[D] that
3.Binary stars,____their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.
[A] as
[B] that
[C] what
[D] if
4.In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a 'partner' to____which we can see in the sky.
[A] the one
[B] that
[C] the ones
[D] those
5.On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day____the energy of black holes for mankind.
[A] make fun of
[B] make sure of
[C] make use of
[D] make sense of
6.Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as____.
[A] companies
[B] comparisons
[C] compounds
[D] companions
7.The earth is one of nine planets which move in____round the sun.
[A] track
[B] orbit
[C] tour
[D] route

UNIT 2-5

8.In August 1977, a satellite was____to gather data about the black holes in the Milky way.
[A] posted
[B] delivered
[C] launched
[D] transmitted
9.The terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are____here.
[A] inadequate
[B] invisible
[C] intense
[D] individual
10.We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary, But____,matter must behave very differently inside the hole.
[A] in addition
[B] in person
[C] in detail
[D] in theory
Ⅳ.C-E Translation
1.這個(gè)收縮的過(guò)程如此強烈，以至于黑洞產(chǎn)生了。
2.直到最近天文學(xué)家們才開(kāi)始研究黑洞。
3.但是從理論上說(shuō)，物質(zhì)在黑洞里的行為一定非常不同。
4.黑洞最強有力的證據來(lái)自對雙星系的研究。
5.有一天也許人類(lèi)也會(huì )遭此命運。
單元自測答案 Unit 2
Ⅰ.Word Spelling
1.density 2.collapse 3.boundary
4.constant 5.basis 6.launch
7.twin 8.companion 9.mankind
10.speculation 11.swallow 12.inadequate
13.matter 14.circumstance 15.occur
16.intense 17.evidence 18.invisible
19.astronaut 20.tropical
Ⅱ.Word Form
1.were reported 2.having 3.made
4.believed 5.is being pulled 6.swallowing
7.convincing 8.totally 9.consists
10.coloured
Ⅲ.Vocabulary and Structure
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.A 5.C
6.D 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.D
Ⅳ.C-E Translation
1.This process of shrinking is so intense that a black hole results.
2.It is only recently/It is not until recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.

UNIT 2-6

3.But in theory, matter must behave very differently/in a very different manner inside the black hole.
4.The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.
5.Mankind may one day meet this fate.
四、歷年試題
1. 星體的密度增大到一定程度時(shí)就會(huì )發(fā)生爆炸。
答： The star will explode when its density increases to some extent.
2. 你能想象黑洞的引力有多大嗎？
答： Can you imagine how strong the gravitational pull of a black hole is ?
3. 假如有人掉進(jìn)黑洞，他會(huì )認為很快能到達黑洞的中心。
答：If a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.
4. 早在17世紀天文學(xué)家便對超新星有過(guò)報道。
答： Supernovae were reported by astronomers as early as in the seventeenth century.
5. 他已盡了全力以達到自己的目標。
答： He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal.

UNIT 3-1

一、word study
request,ensure,oppose,burden,open up
① request n./vt.請求，要求
request 后面接 for，表示要求的對象；“根據要求”為 by(或 on) request；“應。。。之要求”則 為 at sb’s request。
He made a request for immediate help.
他要求立即給予幫助。 Minibuses stop by request. 小公共汽車(chē)招手即停。
Instructions will be sent immediately on(upon) request.
說(shuō)明將按要求立即寄出。
The singer gave one more song at our request. 歌唱家在我們的要求下又唱了一首歌。 Your silence is requested.
請勿說(shuō)話(huà)。
② ensure vt.保證，擔保
ensure 后面接 against 或 from，表示“保證。。。免于。。?！?；后面接 to 或 for，則表示“保證。。。 具有。。?！?。
We can ensure that the work w ill be done in the right way.
我們可以保證把工作做好。
The police can ensure the witness against (或 from) danger.
警察能保證證人免受危險。
This measure ensure to (或 for) us a voice in the matter.
這項措施使我們在這件事上具有發(fā)言權。
③ oppose vt.1、反對，反抗；2、使相對，使對抗（to）
Many people opposed building a new highw ay because of the great cost.
由于代價(jià)過(guò)于高昂，許多人都反對修一條新公路。
To the difficulties she opposed a will of iron.
她用鋼鐵般的意志對待困難。
What he said was totally opposed to the facts.
他說(shuō)的與事實(shí)完全相反。
We are firmly opposed to this dirty political deal.
我們堅決反對這場(chǎng)骯臟的政治交易。
④ burden n.1、擔子，負擔；2、責任，義務(wù)
She bore the w hole burden of raising two children.
她一個(gè)人負起撫養兩個(gè)孩子的全部責任。
The burden of running the factory is too heavy for his failing health. 管理這家工廠(chǎng)的重擔對他日益惡化的健康來(lái)說(shuō)是太重了。 vt.使負重擔；麻煩，勞累
The mother w as burden w ith w orries.
媽媽?xiě)n心忡忡。
Students are heavily burdened with home assignments.
學(xué)生家庭作業(yè)負擔過(guò)重。
⑤ open up
1、打開(kāi)；2、開(kāi)辦，開(kāi)辟，開(kāi)發(fā)；3、坦誠地或無(wú)拘無(wú)束地談話(huà) They opened up his stomach to get at the source of the trouble. 他們給他的胃開(kāi)了刀，以找出病根。
They opened up a mine in the remote areas.
他們在那個(gè)偏遠地區開(kāi)了礦。
They decided to open up a business in the town.
他們決定在城里開(kāi)一家店。
The girl decided to open up and tell us everything.
這個(gè)女孩決定坦誠地告訴我們一切。

UNIT 3-2

二、?？季湫?/span>
1、范萬(wàn)德?tīng)栔夭≡谏?，再也不能說(shuō)清楚話(huà)，他知道他沒(méi)有康復的希望，身體狀況正在急劇 惡化。P2
Affected w ith a serious disease, van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there w as no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.
2、在讓自己的醫生注射最后結束生命的那一針之前，范萬(wàn)德?tīng)柹械淖詈笕齻€(gè)月被拍攝了下來(lái)，去年在荷蘭電視上首次播出。P3
Van Wendel’s last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor w ere filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.
3、從那時(shí)開(kāi)始，已有 20 多個(gè)國家買(mǎi)下了這個(gè)節目，每次播放都引起了對這一話(huà)題的全國性大辯論。P3
The programme has since been bought by  20 countries  and  each time  it  is shown, it  starts a nationw ide debate on the subject.
4、那些反對安樂(lè )死的人實(shí)際在告訴我，臨終者沒(méi)有這個(gè)權利。P9
What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven’t the right.
三、習題
1.詞匯英譯漢
.  weaken  .  deteriorate  .debate  .  legal.  request  .  criterion  .  ensure  .  oppose  tradition consideration disabled . burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive
詞組：. to debate on . to make request for be opposed to . to take … into account
2.句子英譯漢（重點(diǎn)句）
Affected w ith a serious disease, van Wendal w as no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there w as no hope of recovery and that his condition w as rapidly deteriorating.
Van Wendel’s last three months of life before being given  a final, lethal  injection by his　doctor w ere filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.
The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is show n, it starts a nationw ide debate on the subject.
What those people w ho oppose euthanasia  are telling me is that dying people haven’t the　right.
The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering , that there is no
chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia .
I think that anything that legally allow s the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.
3.句子漢譯英 P.59
安樂(lè )死的確能解除臨終病人的痛苦。
Euthanasia can really help rid the dying patients of extreme suffering . Euthanasia does release the dying people from their suffering . 你知道不知道荷蘭是歐洲唯一允許安樂(lè )死的國家?
Do you know that the Netherlands is the only country in Europe that permits euthanasia ?
支持這一觀(guān)點(diǎn)的醫生并不意味著(zhù)他們不關(guān)心病人。
Those doctors w ho support the idea never mean they don’t care about / for patients .
在第一個(gè)醫生診斷疾病之后，必須由另外一名醫生確認病情。
After the first doctor has diagnosed the illness , a second doctor must confirm the case .
反對者認為病人并不一定真正希望結束生命，可能請求之后另有他求。
Opponents think patients may not really w ant to end their lives, and probably there is another request behind the request .
四、歷年試題
1. The film   （ show ） Cees Van Wendel ’s death w as both moving and sensitive.（99.10）
答案： showing . 考點(diǎn)：showing  是現在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾 the film .
2. Each time the programmer of Van Wendal’s last days before euthanasia w as showed on T V, it starts a nationw ide debate   the subject. （99.10）
A. for
B. against
C. on
D. of
答案： C . 考點(diǎn)：詞組 debate on  對…  的爭論。
3. 漢譯英：每次播放這個(gè)節目，都引起對此話(huà)題的全國性大辯論。（99.10） 答案： Each time it is shown , this program starts a nationw ide debate on the subject.
4. 漢譯英 ： 據說(shuō)那個(gè)病人曾要求醫生助他一死。（00.10） 答案： The patient is said to have asked the doctor to help him die.
（ 或者： It is said that the patient has asked the doctor to help him die .）

UNIT 4-1

一、word study
exploit ,campaign,execute,deserve,status,bring over
① exploit vt.1、開(kāi)發(fā)，開(kāi)采；2、利用；3、剝削 A mine is exploited for its minertals. 開(kāi)發(fā)礦山是為了采礦。
The student exploits every possibility to learn English.
這個(gè)學(xué)生利用一切可能性學(xué)英語(yǔ)。
The company exploited its w orkers w ith long hours and low pay.
該公司用長(cháng)工時(shí)、低工資的方法來(lái)剝削工人。
② campaign n.1、戰役；2、運動(dòng)，參選運動(dòng)
The Huai-Hai Campaign was essential to the victory of the War of    Liberation.
淮海戰役對解放戰爭的勝利至關(guān)重要。
Our country is launching a campaign against waste.
我們國家正在開(kāi)展反浪費運動(dòng)。
His presidential campaign succeeded and he w on the election. 總統競選運動(dòng)取得成功，他當選了。 vi.參加運動(dòng)，參加競選活動(dòng)
They w ere campaigning to keep the local school open.
他們?yōu)槭巩數貙W(xué)校不致關(guān)閉而奔走活動(dòng)。
The candidates for president campaigned by sending out letters to voters and speaking at public meeting.
總統候選人通過(guò)向選民發(fā)信和群眾集會(huì )上講演來(lái)競選。
vt.使。。。參加運動(dòng)；對。。。進(jìn)行活動(dòng)
Joan is campaigning the government for equal rights for women.
瓊對政府進(jìn)行活動(dòng)，要求給予婦女同等權利。
③ execute vt.1、實(shí)行，執行，完成，貫徹；2、將。。。處死 All orders were immediately executed.
所有的命令都立即執行了。
Your order will be executed as early as possible.
你的命令將盡早執行。
The pianist executed the piece of music perfectly.
這位鋼琴家把這首曲子演奏得完美極了。
The criminal w as executed after the trial.
審判后罪犯即被處死。
④ deserve vt.應受，值得（賓語(yǔ)可用名詞，動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞不定式） He certainly deserves praise.
他的確應受表?yè)P。
Our band deserves ranking w ith the best in this country.
我們的樂(lè )隊在國內當之無(wú)愧屬于一流。 He deserves to be sent to prison. 他應該被送去坐牢。
由 deserve 變成的形容詞 deserving 后邊用介詞 of。
The robber is deserving of capital punishment.
這個(gè)強盜應處極刑。
The old man w as really deserving of pity.
那個(gè)老人家實(shí)在值得可憐。
⑤ status n.1、情形，狀況；2、地位，身份
We should be alw ays aw are of the status of w orld affairs.
我們應該時(shí)刻關(guān)注世界形勢。
None will question his status as a scholar.
沒(méi)有人會(huì )懷疑他的學(xué)者身份。
We should raise the status of women in society.

UNIT 4-2

我們應該提高婦女的社會(huì )地位。
⑥ bring over
1、把。。。帶來(lái)；2、使轉變
Next summer he hopes to bring his family over from the united states.
他希望明年夏天把家屬從美國帶來(lái)。
My father is alw ays trying to bring me over to his way of thinking.
我的父親總想使我接受他的思想方法。
二、重點(diǎn)句型
1、據估計，有 20000 多海外來(lái)的家庭傭人在英國工作。P1
There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. There be 表" 存在" 的句型。
2、在這 20000 人中，將近 2000 人正受著(zhù)她們的雇主的剝削和虐待。P1
Of these 20,000, just under 2000  are being exploited and abused by their employers.
3、在今年早些時(shí)候的幾個(gè)廣為報道的事例中，全世界女傭的悲慘處境得到新聞媒體的很大 關(guān)注。P3
The  sad  condition  of  women  w orking  as  domestics  around  the  w orld  received  much  media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.
4、一名菲律賓女傭因被指控犯有謀殺罪而在新加坡遭處決，盡管各地都抗議說(shuō)她的犯罪事實(shí)不能充分確定。P3
A Filipino maid w as executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.
5、 她曾在斯里蘭卡一家茶廠(chǎng)掙一份十分微薄的工資。P5
She used to w ork for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.
6、因為她發(fā)現很難養活自己的 4 個(gè)孩子，所以接受了一件在倫敦當傭人的工作。P5
Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.
7、因此如果她們提出申訴，她們就有被驅逐出境的危險。
So if they do complain, they risk being deported.
三、習題
1.單詞英譯漢 domestic，statistic，diplomat ，exploit ，campaign，execute，convict， despite，deserving，shelf，minimum ，status，deport，
2.句子英譯漢
（1） There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in
Britain.
（2）Of these 20,000 , just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers.
（3） The sad condition of w omen w orking as domestics around the w orld received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.
（4）A Filipino maid w as executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.
（5）She used to w ork for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.
（6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.
（7）So if they do complain , they risk being deported.
（8）This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and
conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job (of which the employees should see a copy).
（9）For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about
cruel living and w orking conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so　cannot change employer.

UNIT 4-3

（10）It is, they say, the right to change employers w hich distinguishes employment from slavery.
3.句子漢譯英
（1）處理有關(guān)事務(wù)的政府部門(mén)沒(méi)有做統計。
The government department that deals with relevant affairs does not keep statistics.
（2）正因為她無(wú)法養家才同意做家仆。
It w as because she found it difficult to feed her family that she accepted a job w orking as a domestic.
（3）她是一名沙特外交官直接從菲律賓雇到倫敦來(lái)工作的。
She w as hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to w ork in London .
（4）家仆的工作狀況得到了新聞媒介的關(guān)注。
The conditions of w orking as domestics have received media attention .
（5）雇主們總是威脅要把我們遣送回國。
The employers alw ays threatened to send us back to our countries.
四、歷年試題
1. When they get out of prison, they _ _(increase) the level of their criminal beh avior.
答案：will increase . 考點(diǎn)：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。從 句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是 get 一般現在時(shí)，所以從句用 will increase 。
2.At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measure to help __domes tic workers from abuse by their employers.
A. protect B. suspect C. expect D. inspect
答案是：A . 考點(diǎn)是：protect … from 保護… 免受 …
3. __ _ _their differences, they fell passionately in love with each other. A. As for B. Owing to C. Despite D. Through
答案：C . 考點(diǎn)：despite 表示讓步的關(guān)系。本句的意思是：盡管他們之間有分歧，但他們彼此 深?lèi)?ài)對方。
Translation
1. 許多家庭傭人受到雇主的剝削和虐待。
答：Many domestic servants are exploited and abused by their employers.
2. 自去年以來(lái)，女傭們的悲慘境況已受到媒體密切關(guān)注。
答：The bad condition of the woman servants has received much media attention since last year.
3. 他經(jīng)常威脅我，說(shuō)要將我遣送回國。
答： He always threatened that he would send me back to my country.
4. 她曾在一家茶葉廠(chǎng)工作，工資很低。
答： She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory.
5. 據估計有兩萬(wàn)多名外國家傭在英國工作。
答： It is estimated that there are more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants wor king in Britain.

UNIT 5-1

一、word study
transformation,originate,penetrating,take over,take on
① transformation n.1、變化，轉化；2、改造，改革
His brain operation caused a great transformation in his character.
腦手術(shù)大大改變了他的性格。
The transformation of  a backward country  into  an  advanced country  requires  the  painstaking efforts of several generations.
將一個(gè)落后的國家改變?yōu)榘l(fā)達國家需要幾代人的艱苦努力。
The social and political transformation of a country is essential to the development of the society.
一個(gè)國家的社會(huì )和政治改革對社會(huì )的發(fā)展非常重要。
② originate vi./vt.發(fā)源；發(fā)生，發(fā)起
All theories originate from practice and in turn serve practice.
所有的理論都來(lái)源于實(shí)踐，并反過(guò)來(lái)為實(shí)踐服務(wù)。 The use of steam originated many other reforms. 蒸汽的使用引起了許多其它的革新。
③ penetrating
a.1、穿透的，貫穿的；2、深刻的，透徹的 They w alked against the penetrating w ind. 他們迎著(zhù)刺骨的寒風(fēng)行走。
Her penetrating voice frightened the little boy.
她刺耳的嗓子把小男孩嚇壞了。
Swift’s w orks were most penetrating and pow erful.
斯威夫特的作品極為深刻有力。
④ take over
1、接管，接任；2、把。。。從一處運到另一處
The young doctor has taken over duties of the old.
年輕醫生已接替了老醫生的工作。
When Mr.Green retired, his son took over the business from him.
格林先生退休后，由他兒子接管他的生意。
Mr.Brow n took me over to the island in his steamboat.
布朗先生用他的汽艇把我送到該島。
⑤ take on
1、具有，擔任（工作等）；2、雇傭
The disease took on some special characteristics.
那種疾病具有一些特殊的特征。
He has taken on a new job.
他已承擔了一項新工作。
The employer takes on twenty more w orkers.
那位雇主又雇傭了 20 名工人。
二、重點(diǎn)句型
1、新音樂(lè )是從已有的音樂(lè )中產(chǎn)生的。P1
The new music w as built out of materials already  in existence.
2、民間音樂(lè )，既有古老又有現代的，在大學(xué)生中頗為流行。P1
Folk music, old and modern, w as popular among college students.
3、他們自由地吸收爵士樂(lè )、美國鄉村音樂(lè )的成分。P2
They freely  took over elements from jazz, from American country music.

UNIT 5-2

4、在家里欣賞唱片的時(shí)候，聽(tīng)眾盡力模仿照明效果。P4
With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could.
三、習題
（一）單詞、詞組英譯漢
musician  rhythmic  distinct consciousness  originate  readily  instrument  electronic  thereby passive participant
1.The new music w as built out of materials already in existence.
2.Folk music, old and modern, w as popular among college students.
3.They freely took over elements form jazz, from American country music.
4.With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could.
5.In a sense, men of this kind begin not so much w ith a musical theme as w ith a completed composition.
6.Most composers since Beethoven's day belong to this second type.
7.Men like Palestrina and Bach belong in this category.
（三）漢譯英 這一章是關(guān)于熱能轉化成動(dòng)力的。
The chapter is about the transformation of heat into pow er.
一群人自發(fā)地聚集在事故現場(chǎng)。
A group of people got together spontaneously at the scene of the    accident.
這次爭吵是由誤會(huì )引起的。
The quarrel originated from a misunderstanding.
1949 年后，軍隊接管了這個(gè)城市。
The army took over this city after 1949.
為了你的健康，你不應該承擔太繁重的工作。
For your health,you should avoid taking on too much work.
四、歷年試題
1. In the process of composition , it isn’t easy to be inspired in a spontaneous w ay for long periods_ _ a stretch..
A. at B. for C. over D. in
答案是 a 。 考點(diǎn)：詞組 at a stretch 一口氣，連續不斷的
2.漢譯英  新音樂(lè )是由業(yè)已存在的材料構建出來(lái)的。
答案：The new music was built out of material already in existence.
3. 漢譯英：那時(shí)在大學(xué)生中流行的正是民間音樂(lè )。
答案：It was folk music that was popular among college students at that time.
4. 漢譯英：不用說(shuō)我們現在已不是生活在傳統社會(huì )。
答案： It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society.
1. 新音樂(lè )起源于布魯斯、搖滾樂(lè )和民間音樂(lè )。
答： The new music originated from blues, rock and roll and folk music.
2. 民間音樂(lè )表現和平、友誼和希望。
答： Folk music expresses peace, friendship and hope.
3. 他們已不再是被動(dòng)的聽(tīng)眾而是積極的參與者。
答： Instead of passive audience, they have become active participants.
4. 他們自由地從不同的音樂(lè )來(lái)源中吸取元素。
答： They freely took over elements form diverse music sources.
5. 新音樂(lè )采取多種形式，幾乎具有無(wú)限的表現力。
答：The new music may take on various forms and be capable of expressing an almost limitless range.

UNIT 6-1

一、word study
spray,cast,expose,switch,critical
① spray n.1、水花，浪花；2、噴霧，噴霧狀物 The spray of the waterfall is very beautiful. 瀑布的水花飛濺，非常漂亮。
A spray of bullets hit the tree behind which he w as hiding. 一陣噴射的子彈打中了他藏身其后的那棵樹(shù)。 vt.噴，向。。。噴射，噴涂
Fruit trees are sprayed regularly.
果樹(shù)應定期噴上殺蟲(chóng)劑。
The students sprayed questions at the teacher.
學(xué)生們連珠炮似的向老師提出一個(gè)又一個(gè)問(wèn)題。
② cast vt.1、投，扔，拋，擲（at）；2、投射（光，影，視線(xiàn)等）（on,at）；3、澆鑄，鑄造 The boy cast a stone at the dog.
那個(gè)男孩向那條狗扔了塊石頭。
His w ords cast a new light on the problem.
他的話(huà)題使人們對這個(gè)問(wèn)題有了新的認識。 The robot can cast steel after being reprogrammed. 在重新設定程序之后，機器人能澆鑄鋼材。
n.1、投，擲；2、模具；3、演員（陣容）
The Beijing Theatre of    People’s Art has a very strong cast.
北京人民藝術(shù)劇院有很強大的演員陣容。
③ expose vt.1、使暴露，使面臨；2、揭露，揭發(fā)
The w orks w ere exposed to all kinds of w eather.
工人們經(jīng)受風(fēng)吹雨打。
We should be aw are of the dangers of exposing children to violence on T V.
我們應當意識到兒童接觸有關(guān)暴力電視節目的危害。
He has been widely exposed to the public on the television.
他經(jīng)常在電視上向公眾露面。
The mistakes of the past must be exposed w ithout any reserve.
對以前的錯誤一定要毫無(wú)保留地揭發(fā)。
④ switch n.1、開(kāi)關(guān)，轉換器；2、（思路、話(huà)題等的）轉換
It is two-way switch.
這是個(gè)雙向開(kāi)關(guān)。
He has made a switch of support from one political party to another. 他已從支持一個(gè)政黨轉而支持另一個(gè)政黨。 vi.1、轉換，改變（思路、話(huà)題等）；2、接通。。。電流（on），切斷。。。電流（off） We switched the discussion to another topic.
我們換了一個(gè)討論題目。
E ntering the room, he sw itched the light on. 一進(jìn)房間，他就把燈打開(kāi)了。 vt.轉換，變換（switch(over)to）
He switched (over) to medicine and graduated in 1980.
他改學(xué)醫科，于 1980 年畢業(yè)。
⑤ critical a.1、批評（性）的，批評（性）的；2、對。。。表示譴責，對。。。感到不滿(mǎn)的（of）；3、緊 要的，關(guān)鍵性的，危急的
He is a man w ith a critical eye.
他是一個(gè)具有批判眼光的人。
It takes years to develop one’s critical ability.
培養評論能力要很長(cháng)時(shí)間。
The old man w as critical of the boy’s impolite behaviour.
那個(gè)老人不滿(mǎn)意男孩的不禮貌行為。
The patient’s condition is critical.
病人情況危急。

UNIT 6-2

二、重點(diǎn)句型
1、目前多數機器人用于汽車(chē)工業(yè)，它們按編制的程序承擔轎車(chē)和卡車(chē)車(chē)身的焊接和噴漆這 一類(lèi)的工作。P2
Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, w here they are programmed to take over such jobs as w elding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.
2、機器人也開(kāi)始在別的工業(yè)部門(mén)應用，雖然應用的程度低一些。P3
Robots, already  taking over human tasks in the automotive field  are  beginning  to  be  seen, although to a lesser degree, in other industries as w ell.  現在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)
3、在核電站使用的機器人處理放射性材料，避免人員接觸放射性物質(zhì)。P3
The robots   used in  nuclear pow er plants  handle  the  radioactive  materials,  preventing human personnel  from being exposed to radiation.
4、機器人于自動(dòng)化機器不同之處在于機器人完成某一特定任務(wù)后，可由計算機重新編制程
序去完成另一項任務(wù)。P4
Robots differ from automatic machines  in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.
5、在微電子和計算機技術(shù)上有專(zhuān)長(cháng)的工程人員正研制機器人的人工視覺(jué)。P5
Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for robots.
6、機器人有了“看”的能力便能在一堆不同類(lèi)物體中辨別和檢查出某一特定類(lèi)物體。P5
With the ability to "see", robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials. to "see" ：不定式作后置定語(yǔ)
7、任何想要了解未來(lái)工業(yè)的人必須要了解機器人。P7
Anyone  wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.
三、習題
一.單詞、詞組英譯漢
efficiency increasingly install personnel expose reduction completion specific switch critical intensity scale defective in that in question plenty of
三、漢譯英
1.近幾年，機器人的應用越來(lái)越廣泛和深入。
In recent years, the use of robots is becoming increasingly w ider and deeper. Robots are used more and more w idely and deeply in recent years.
Robots have been increasingly used w ider and deeper in recent years.
2.新開(kāi)發(fā)的機器人有觸覺(jué)，可以看見(jiàn)物體，還能做決定。
The newly-developed  robots have a sense of touch, are able to see objects, and can make decision as w ell.
3.機器人在汽車(chē)行業(yè)應用廣泛。
Robots are employed w idely in the automotive industry. The use of robots in the automotive industry is prevalent.
4.感光材料、數字照相機都是照相器材。
Light–sensitive materials and digital cameras are all photographic equipment.
5.機器人與自動(dòng)化機器有重大的區別。
There is a significant difference betw een robots and automatic machines. There are major differences betw een robots and automatic machines.
四、歷年試題
1. Most today’s robots are employed in the automotive industry, __ _they are prog rammed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting . (99.4)
A. as B. which C. when D. where
答案：D. 考點(diǎn)：where 引導的非限定定語(yǔ)從句，修飾 automotive industry。
2. Robots differ from automatic machines in _ after completion of one specific ta sk, they can
be reprogrammed to be another one. (00.4)
A. which B. that C. how D. whether
答案：B. 考點(diǎn)：in that 復合連詞引導原因狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“在于”。

UNIT 6-3

3. Robots , already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning___ (see) in other
industries as well. (00.4) (01.10)
答案：to be seen 考點(diǎn)：begin to do sth. 所以用動(dòng)詞不定式，而且用被動(dòng)式。
4. Anyone__ __(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know ab out robotics. (00.10)（01.4）
答案： wanting 考點(diǎn)：動(dòng)詞現在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾 anyone。
5.The nations that_ _actively_ _ (involve) in earthquake prediction programs inc lude Japan, China, Russia, and the United States.
答案：are involved 考點(diǎn)： 詞組：be involved in sth.
6. 漢譯英：機器人將要在哪些領(lǐng)域替代人的工作呢？（00.10） 答案： In what field will robots take over human tasks?
7. It is not yet known _ computers will one day have vision as good as human visi on .
A. whether B. if C. that D. how
答案：A . 考點(diǎn)： whether 引導的主語(yǔ)從句。
8. Robots, __ __(become) increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed
world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human inte rvention.
答案：becoming 考點(diǎn)：現在分詞作狀語(yǔ)。
9 . Robots , becoming__ _(increase) prevalent in factories , are programmed and en gineered
答案： increasingly
10. 漢譯英：今年來(lái)，計算機在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的應用越來(lái)越廣泛。
答案：In recent years, the computer is finding wider and wider application in all f ields.

UNIT 7-1

一、word study
attach,underlie,relevant,positive
① attach vt.1、固定住，系；2、附加，隸屬；3、把（重點(diǎn)）放在；4、使喜愛(ài)，使依戀 You have to attach a label to a box w hile posting it. 郵寄箱子時(shí)需在箱子上貼上標簽。
They provide aid w ith no conditions attached.
他們提供無(wú)附加條件的援助。
We should attach primary importance to a firm and correct political orientation.
我們要把堅定正確的政治方向放在第一位。
He was strongly attached to his home.
他對他的家戀戀不舍。
② underlie vt.支撐；構成（理論，政策，行為等）的基礎 Careful planning underlies all my decisions. 我的全部決定是以周密計劃為根據的。
What underlies his lack of interest in work?
什么造成了他對工作缺乏興趣？
There w ere deeper tensions underlying last w eek’s strike.
上星期的罷工背后潛伏著(zhù)更為深刻的緊張局勢。
③ relevant a.1、貼切的，中肯的；2、與。。。有關(guān)的（to）
This is a relevant question.
這是一個(gè)中肯的問(wèn)題。
This point is not really relevant and we had better move on.
這一點(diǎn)并沒(méi)有什么關(guān)聯(lián)，咱們還是接著(zhù)談別的吧。
We should make our lives relevant to the needs of the country.
我們應該使個(gè)人生活與國家的需要掛起鉤來(lái)。
All evidence relevant to the case should be gathered and analyzed.
所有與本案有關(guān)的證據均應搜集和分析。
④ positive a.1、明確的，確實(shí)的；2、積極的，肯定的；3、正的，陽(yáng)性的
He gave positive instructions.
他給了明確的指示。
I w onder if he can provide positive proof.
我不知道他是否能夠提供有力的證據。
L ight is a positive thing; darkness is only the absence of light.
光是確實(shí)存在的東西，而黑暗只是沒(méi)有光。 Who can give a positive answer? 誰(shuí)能給一個(gè)肯定的答復？
He alw ays has some positive ideas on company policy.
他對公司的政策總有一些建設性的意見(jiàn)。
The test is positive which show s a particular disease is present.
化驗的結果呈陽(yáng)性，說(shuō)明確實(shí)得了某種病。
二、重點(diǎn)句型
1、生活在先進(jìn)的工業(yè)化社會(huì )的人們越來(lái)越關(guān)心休閑的機會(huì )。P1
People in advanced industrial societies  are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.
2、人們賦予帶薪休假的重要性和大眾娛樂(lè )服務(wù)的快速發(fā)展是日益關(guān)注這一問(wèn)題的標志。P1
The importance people  attach to paid holidays  and the rapid  development of services for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern.
3、對休閑的具體利用人與人不同。P4
The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.

UNIT 7-2

4、由于休閑基本上是自己決定的事，個(gè)人就可以培養自己的興趣和愛(ài)好，并以能為自己帶 來(lái)享受和滿(mǎn)足的方式參與某項活動(dòng)。P6
Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take to one’s interests and preferences and get involved in an activity in w ays that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.
5、基本上說(shuō)，上述態(tài)度等同于一個(gè)認識：休閑是生活的一個(gè)重要方面；等同于一個(gè)信念：
休閑能夠并且應該充分利用。P7
Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and of a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.
6、比如，學(xué)校鼓勵參加游戲、運動(dòng)和文化活動(dòng)的程度和方式可能對形成學(xué)生的休閑態(tài)度起一定的作用。P9
For example,  the degree to which and the ways in  which a school encourages participation  in games, sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students.
7、學(xué)校常常把達到個(gè)人均衡發(fā)展設定為它們的教育目的。P10
Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the person.
8、對此追求得越認真，就越可能鼓勵人們對待休閑和學(xué)術(shù)工作持積極態(tài)度。P10
The more seriously this is sought,  the more likely positive attitudes  towards leisure as w ell as academic w ork will be encouraged.
三、習題
（一）、英譯漢重點(diǎn)單詞詞組：
1.research   2.attach    3.underlie    4.relevant  5.positive
6.possession    7.desirable  8.relaxation  9.occupation  10.urban
11.acquire    12.participation
be concerned with  be relevant to    to set … as objective
（二）、英譯漢重點(diǎn)句子
1~8.與重點(diǎn)句型相同。
（三）、漢譯英
1.生活質(zhì)量這一術(shù)語(yǔ)涉及很廣泛。
The term"quality of life" covers a very w ide scope.
2.在生活節奏快，工作壓力大的社會(huì )中，放松一下有利于健康。
In a fast-paced stressful society, it is good for health to set aside some time to relax oneself. It's good for one's health to find time to relax in a society of fast-paced and stressful work.
3.人們的興趣和愛(ài)好與社會(huì )環(huán)境和個(gè)人學(xué)習經(jīng)歷有關(guān)。
People 's interests and hobbies are related to social contexts and their learning experiences. People's interests and preferences are all related to social contexts and individual learning
experiences.
4.積極的休閑態(tài)度是鼓勵人們創(chuàng )造性地利用空閑時(shí)間的基礎。
The positive attitude towards leisure is the foundation to encourage people's creative use of their spare time.
A positive leisure attitude is the foundation for motivating people to use their leisure in a creative way .
5.研究與觀(guān)察結果表明，人們越來(lái)越關(guān)心生活的質(zhì)量。
The findings of research and observation indicate that people are more and more concerned w ith the quality of life.
Observations and researches indicate that people are increasingly concerned w ith the quality of life.
四、歷年試題
1. A good schedule must have a little give so that special projects can__ _(take)　care of properly. (99.4)
答案：be taken 。 考點(diǎn)： 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
2. Since leisure is basically self-determined, one should get involved _ an activ ity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction . (99.4)
A. in B. of C. towards D. with
答案： A . 考點(diǎn)：詞組 get /be involved in 參與… ；卷入…

UNIT 7-3

3. The importance of these _ (vary ) according to the nature of one’s job and on e’s lifestyle. (99.10)
答案：varies 考點(diǎn)：一般現在時(shí)單數第三人稱(chēng)形式。
4. This will not only keep the study habit alive but also _ __(keep ) you up to da te on your class assignments and projects. 答案
答案：keep 。 考點(diǎn)：not only 與 but also 后的詞的形式應一致。
5. The specific use of leisure_ _ from individual to individual. (00.4) A. ranges B. distinguishes C. varies D. covers
答案 ：C。分析：此題考查不及物動(dòng)詞 vary 的用法。搭配為：vary … from … to 各不相同。
6. The more time you waste, the_ _(easy) it is to continue wasting time.(00.4) 答案：easier 。 考點(diǎn)：the more … the more 句型，表示“越… 越…”。
7. Such attitudes amount to a belief__ leisure can and should be put to good use. (01.4)
A. which B. if C. whether D. that
答案：that 。 考點(diǎn)：that 引導同位語(yǔ)從句修飾 belief 。
8. This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to__  on you r class assignments and projects. (01.4)
A. day B. date C. number D. time
答案：B。 考點(diǎn)： 詞組 up to date 最新的，keep you up to date 表示跟得上….
9 . 漢譯英：人們越來(lái)越關(guān)注休閑的機會(huì )。(99.4)
答案： People are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.
10. 漢譯英：眾所周知，即使同樣的休閑活動(dòng)，不同的人使用的方式也不同。(00.4)
答案： It is well known that even the same leisure activity may be used different b y different individuals.
1. 在工業(yè)化國家人們越來(lái)越關(guān)心休閑的機會(huì )。
答：People in the industrialized countries are increasingly concerned with opportun ities for leisure.
2. 為什么他們對帶薪休假那么重視呢？
答： Why do they attach so much importance to paid holidays?
3. 對休閑的具體利用是因人而異的。
答： The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.
4. 我們所接觸的人可能對我們休閑態(tài)度產(chǎn)生某種影響。
答： The people with whom we come into contact may exert some influence on our atti tudes toward leisure.
5. 學(xué)校教育的目的之一是使學(xué)生得到均衡發(fā)展。
答： One of the educational objectives of school is to attain a balanced developmen t of students.

UNIT 8-1

一、word study
proceeding,alarm,promote
① proceeding n.1、程序，進(jìn)程；2、【p l】項目，活動(dòng)，會(huì )議文集
That is by no means the best way of proceeding.
那決不是最好的行動(dòng)方式。
He opened today’s proceedings in several short sentences.
他簡(jiǎn)短地說(shuō)了幾句就開(kāi)始了今天的會(huì )議。
He brought divorce proceedings against his w ife.
他訴請與妻子離婚。
The proceedings w ere published 6 months after the conference.
論文集已于會(huì )議結束后半年出版。
② alarm n.1、警報；2、驚恐
The alarm system w ent wrong and created a false alarm.
報警系統失靈，引起一場(chǎng)虛驚。 He didn ’t take alarm at the new s. 他聽(tīng)到消息后并不吃驚。 vt.1、向。。。報警，使警覺(jué)；2、使。。。驚恐，打擾
I w as quite alarmed last night at the cry of “fire”.
昨晚有人大呼救火，使我大吃一驚。 Heavy trucks alarmed one all night. 載重汽車(chē)聲整夜使人不得安寧。
③ promote vt.1、促進(jìn)，發(fā)揚；2、提升，升級；3、發(fā)起，創(chuàng )辦
He was promoted to director.
他被提升為廠(chǎng)長(cháng)。
It is believed that taking a w alk after meals promote digestion.
人們認為飯后散步促進(jìn)消化。
The salesman promotes the sales of remote-control TV sets and VCRs.
那個(gè)推銷(xiāo)員推銷(xiāo)遙控電視機和錄像機。 The pianist promoted a grand benefit concert. 那個(gè)鋼琴家籌辦了一次盛大的義演音樂(lè )會(huì )。
二、?？季湫?/span>
1、噴氣飛行時(shí)差綜合癥是每個(gè)乘坐國際航班旅行的人在某個(gè)時(shí)候都會(huì )碰到的問(wèn)題。P1
The problem of Jet Lag is  one every international traveler comes across at some time.
2、乘飛機旅行對身體的影響實(shí)際上遠比我們意識到的更讓人失調。P2
The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually  far more disturbing than w e realize.
3、他后來(lái)把自己在談判中的判斷失誤歸咎于時(shí)差。P3
He later  blamed his poor judgment  on Jet Lag.
4、既然我們懂得了噴氣飛機時(shí)差綜合癥是怎么回事，我們就能夠在解決它方面有所作為。P5
Now that w e understand w hat Jet Lag is, w e can go some way to overcoming it.
5、另一個(gè)定時(shí)系統在我們的體內時(shí)鐘內，這些體內時(shí)鐘在不受干擾時(shí)，會(huì )使人體有一個(gè) 25
小時(shí)，是的，25 小時(shí)---的生理節奏。P6
The other belongs in our internal clocks which, left alone, w ould tie the body to a 25 hour – yes,25 – rhythm.
6、經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間之后，生理系統將會(huì )重新自我調整過(guò)來(lái)，但這需要時(shí)間。P8
In time, the physiological system w ill reset itself, but it does take time.
7、出現這種差異的一個(gè)原因是人體的不同活動(dòng)受到不同因素的支配。P9
One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.
8、不可能等上 4 天直到身體習慣新的時(shí)區。P10
It is not feasible to w ait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.

UNIT 8-2

三、習題
（一）詞匯英譯漢：
1.flight
2.negotiation
3.transport
4.overcome
5.internal
6.external
7.rhythm
8.feasible
9.assumption
10.promote
1.effect on
2.to blame… on
3.to advantage
4.now that
5.out of step
6.to leave … alone
（二）句子英譯漢：
1.~ 8. 與重點(diǎn)句型相同。
9.But  the  growth  hormone  is  released  during  sleep,  w henever  in  the  day  that  sleep occurs.(para.9)
10.Protein in meals stimulates w akefulness, w hile carbohydrates promote sleep.(para.13)
（三）句子漢譯英
1.不難理解高速旅行給身體帶來(lái)的不適。
It is not difficult to understand the disturbing effects of rapid travel on the body.
It is not difficult to realize that the disturbing effects on the body are caused by rapid travel.
2.引起這一不同的原因之一是不同的人體活動(dòng)由不同的因素控制。
One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.
3.食物中的蛋白質(zhì)使人興奮，而食物中的碳水化合物使人易于入睡。
Protein in food stimulates wakefulness, w hile carbohydrates promote sleep.
4.時(shí)差反應是每一個(gè)國際旅行者可能遇到的問(wèn)題。
The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across.
5.等待幾天直到身體的調節機制自然適應新時(shí)區，這并不可行。
It is not feasible to wait a few days until the body's regulatory mechanisms are used to the new time zone.
四、歷年試題
1.In practical application, concentration is not__ _the definition may imply. (99.4)
A. as simple to deal successfully with as
B. so simple to deal successfully with that
C. simpler to deal successfully with as that
D. as same simple to deal successfully with as
答案：A。 考點(diǎn)：本題主要考查 as … as 搭配表示“和…. 一樣”。而選項 D 中 as 的后面還 有一個(gè)詞 same 。 因為 same 表示的意思也是同樣，與…同樣的意思與 as … as 意義重復，因 此不選 D。
2. Understand what Jet Lag is , and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effec ts,__ .（99.10）
A. your flight will be less stressful
B. and your flights will be less stressful
C. or your flights will be less stressful
D. in order that your flights will be less stressful
答案：B。 分析：本句是一個(gè) and 連接的并列句。因此只有 B 符合題意。
3. Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances__ at night. (00.4) A. it B. them C. the coffee D. the body
答案：A。 分析：本句是個(gè)并列句，and 連接的兩個(gè)句子結構應一致。因此，advances 后面的 賓語(yǔ)應是 the body，而為了避免重復，因此用代詞 it 代替。
4.漢譯英：快速旅行對人體的影響比我們意識到的要大得多。(00.10)
答案：The effects of rapid travel on the human body are much greater than we realiz e.
5. The other timing system belongs in our internal clocks, which , left _, would t ie the body to a 25-hour rhythm. (03.4)
A. behind B. alone C. out D. aside
答案： B . 考點(diǎn)： 本題主要考查詞組：leave alone 不管，不理，把…放在一邊。
1. 快速旅行對人體的影響比我們意識到的要大得多。
答： The effects of rapid travel on the body are much greater than we realize
2. 他后來(lái)把自己的錯誤判斷歸咎于時(shí)差反應。
答：He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.
3. 食物中的蛋白質(zhì)使人興奮，而碳水化合物使人易于入睡。
答： Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness while carbohydrates promote sleep.
4. 在外語(yǔ)學(xué)習中沒(méi)有捷徑可走。
答： There is no short cut in the study of a foreign language.
5. 為了克服時(shí)差反應我們能做些什么呢？
答： What can we do in order to overcome Jet Lag?

UNIT 9-1

一、word study
approximate,proportion,appreciation,acknowledge,neglect
① approximate a.近似的，大約的
The approximate number of immigrants is two million.
移民數目大約為兩百萬(wàn)。
The approximate length of a meter is 40 inches.
一米大約為 40 英寸。
vt.1、近似，接近；2、使接近（在直接賓語(yǔ)后用介詞 to）
Your account of w hat happened approximates the real facts, but there are some small inaccuracies.
你對發(fā)生的情況的描述接近實(shí)際情況，但有些小的出入。
We try to approximate the operating temperature to the optimal value. 我們努力使工作溫度接近最佳值。 vi.接近（其詞義與及物動(dòng)詞相同，只是后面接介詞 to）
Your account of w hat happened approximates to the real facts.
你對發(fā)生的情況的描述接近實(shí)際情況。
② proportion n.比率，比例
in proportion to  表示“與。。。成比例”； out of proportion  表示“與。。。不成比例”
The proportion of births to the population is increasing.
人口出生率在上升。
A large proportion of the earth surface is ocean.
地球表面的大部分是海洋。
The camel possesses strength in proportion to its size.
駱駝的力氣與它的身體大小成比例。
His earnings are out of all proportion to his skill and ability. 他的收入與他的技術(shù)及能力很不相稱(chēng)。 vt.使成比例；使相稱(chēng)
The soldier proportioned his pace to the march.
戰士調制步子以便與行軍的步伐一致。
③ appreciation n.1、欣賞，鑒賞；2、正確評價(jià)；3、感激，感謝
A person with an appreciation of art and literature is qualified for the job.
一個(gè)具有文學(xué)藝術(shù)欣賞力的人能勝任這項工作。 Rabbits have a well-know n appreciation for family life. 眾所周知，兔子有重視家庭生活的習性。
We take this opportunity of expressing our sincere appreciation of your help.
對你們的幫助，我們趁這個(gè)機會(huì )向你們表示衷心的感謝。
They are mistaken in their appreciation of the country’s economic conditions.
他們對國家經(jīng)濟形勢的判斷是錯誤的。
④ acknowledge vt.1、承認；2、表示謝意
He acknowledged his ow n faults.
他承認了自己的過(guò)失。
The sales department acknowledged my order form.
銷(xiāo)售部表示收到了我的訂貨單。
The minister acknowledged his adviser ’s services to the city.
部長(cháng)就他的顧問(wèn)對城市的貢獻表示感謝。
⑤ neglect vt./n.忽視，忽略；疏忽 They neglected his w arning .
他們對他的警告置之不理。
The secretary w as fired for neglecting her duty.

UNIT 9-2

那個(gè)秘書(shū)因疏于職守而被解雇。
Agriculture is somewhat neglected in that district.
農業(yè)在那個(gè)地區有些不受重視。
The old man lives alone in neglect.
這個(gè)老人孑然一身無(wú)人照管。
二、?？季湫?/span>
1、如果一個(gè)國家人口中 7%或以上的人滿(mǎn) 65 歲或超過(guò) 65 歲，就被列為“老齡國”。P1
Nation classified as "aged" w hen they have 7 percent of more of their people aged 65 or above.
2、一個(gè)社會(huì )的人口增長(cháng)率越接近零，它的人口就可能越老齡---至少對任何能關(guān)系到我們現 在的未來(lái)是這樣的。P1
The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth,  the older its population is likely to be—at least, for any future that concerns us now.
3、當然你現在年齡越大，這種比例就越高，如果你是女人，這比例還應該更高。P5
The older you are now, of course, the greater this proportion w ill be, and greater still if you are a w oman.
4、如果你現在 30 多歲，你應當知道你可以指望活到 60 歲后再活上剩余生命的三分之一。P5
If you are now in your thirties, you ought to be aw are that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60.
三、習題
(一）、詞匯英譯漢：
1.classify  2.approximate  3.proportion  4.appreciation  5.acknowledge
6.alter  7.lengthen  8.wealthy  9.neglect  10.expectation
1.to approximate to 2.resistance to 3.to cope with 4.attribute … to
（二）、句子英譯漢：
1.~4. 與?？季湫拖嗤?。
5.If, however, children grow up without love and without feelings of self-worth, they feel unlovable and worthless and expect to be cheated, taken advantage of, and looked down upon by others.
look down upon : 看不起…； 輕視… ;
6.without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting out problems rather than talking them out or by withdrawing and remaining indifferent toward themselves and others.
7.It is not until energies are back to normal that the real problem is recognized.
8.it is not until about the time the child enters school that outside forces contribute to feelings about the self.
（三）、句子漢譯英
1.老齡化已成為一個(gè)社會(huì )問(wèn)題。
Aging has become a social problem.
2.人們反對這一看法來(lái)自于出生率的下降。
The resistance to the idea is caused by the falling of birthrates. The fall of birthrate resulted in people's objection to the idea.
3.人們壽命的長(cháng)短取決于種種因素。
The length of life depends on various factors. Expectation of life is due to various factors.
4.估計壽命是預計一個(gè)人能活得平均年數。
Expectation of life is the average numbers of years that a person is expected to live.
The expectancy of life is the prediction of average years a person can live.
5.長(cháng)壽在改變我們的生活，改變我們的社會(huì )。
Long life is altering our life as well as our society. Long life is changing our lives, changing our society.

UNIT 9-3

四、歷年試題
1.Your account of what happened yesterday approximates   the real facts.（99.10）
A. near
B. of
C. to
D. upon
答案：C?？键c(diǎn)：此題考查詞組 approximate to 表示“與…接近”。
2.漢譯英：正是由于出生率下降了，我們的社會(huì )才變得如此老齡。(99.10)
It is because the birthrate fell that our society had grown so old.
3.Nations are   as "aged" when they have 7 percent or more of their people aged 65 or above.
A. limited
B. classified
C. originated D. processed (00.4)
答案：B。本題考查詞組：classify as 表示把… 列為。
4.漢譯英：一個(gè)社會(huì )的人口增長(cháng)率越接近零，其人口便越老齡化。(00.10)
The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is.
5.If you are now   , you ought to pay more attention to your health. (01.4)
A. in the fifties B. in your fifties C. in fifties
D. in your fifty
答案：B. 本題主要考查詞組 in your fifties 表示"在你 50 歲時(shí)"。
6.We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population
Growth, the   (old) its population is likely to be. (01.10) 答案：older。本題主要考查“the + 形容詞比較級…. the +形容詞比較級”的用法。
7.In his composition there were no other errors   a few misspelled words. (02.4)
A. beside
B. except
C. then
D. than
答案：D。本題主要考查詞組"no other … than "的用法，表示“除了…外，沒(méi)有… ”。
8.We  would  like  to  take  this  opportunity  to  express  our  sincere
(appreciate) of your help. (02.4)
答案：appreciation 。本題中 sincere 是形容詞，因此后面接名詞。Appreciate 是 動(dòng)詞，其名詞形式是 appreciation .

UNIT 10-1

一、word study
decline,impact,stir,provision
① decline vi.1、下傾，下降；2、衰退，衰弱；3、謝絕，拒絕
The production of natural gas declined slightly.
天然氣的生產(chǎn)略有下降。 His strength slow ly declined. 他的體力慢慢地衰弱了。
A blind man smilingly declined to be helped across the street.
盲人微笑著(zhù)謝絕別人幫他過(guò)馬路。
vt.謝絕，拒絕
He respectfully decline the invitation. 他有禮貌地謝絕了邀請。 n.1、下傾，下降；2、衰退，衰弱
The customs figures show a steady decline in British trade.
關(guān)稅數字表明英國的貿易在持續下降。
We are studying the decline and fall of ancient Rome.
我們正在研究古羅馬的衰亡。
② impact n.1、沖擊，碰撞；2、效果，影響
The storm of the w orld revolution has powerful impact on imperialism.
世界革命風(fēng)暴對帝國主義有強大的沖擊力。
The book Ten That Shook the World  made a great impact on its readers.
《震撼世界的十天》這本書(shū)對讀者產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。
vt.裝緊，壓緊
The ground had been impacted by many people walking across it.
因為走的人多，地面被踏得堅實(shí)了。
③ stir vt.1、攪拌，攪動(dòng)；2、激起，打動(dòng)
You should stir the sugar in your coffee with a spoon.
你應該用湯匙攪動(dòng)咖啡里的糖。
We all deeply stirred by the beauties of nature. 我們都被大自然的美深深地打動(dòng)了。 vi.微動(dòng)，活動(dòng)
I read Hemingw ay’s The Sun Also Rises  through to the end w ithout stirring from the table.
我一步不移地坐在桌前把海明威的《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》讀完。
n.驚動(dòng)，轟動(dòng)
The invention is going to cause a big stir in the w orld.
這項發(fā)明將在全世界引起轟動(dòng)。
④ provision
n.1、供應，供應品；2、條款，規定；3、【常 p l】給養，口糧
Provision of shelter w as the Red Cross’s main concern for the disaster victims.
為災民提供避難處是紅十字會(huì )的主要工作。 Necessary provision has been made against flood. 已為防洪做了必要準備。
You should save up money to make provision for the future.
你們應該存些錢(qián)，為將來(lái)做些準備。
You can do so under the provisions of a new foreign aid bill.
根據新的援外法案的條文，你可以這樣做。 Provisions are kept in the storehouse. 儲備的口糧存放在倉庫里。

UNIT 10-2

二、重點(diǎn)句型
1、候選人都想盡力突出表現一種強有力的領(lǐng)導者的形象。P4
Candidates try to project a strong leadership image.
2、選民們是否接受這一形象則更取決于外在因素而不是候選人的個(gè)人特征。P4
Whether  voters  accept  this  image,  how ever,  depends   more  on  external  factors   than  on  a candidate’s personal characteristics.    此句注意主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)。
3、一年以后，隨著(zhù)國家經(jīng)濟陷入困境，布什的支持率則下降到 40%以下。P4
A year later, w ith the  nation ’s economy in  trouble,  Bush’s approval  rating  dropped below  40 percent.
4、候選人特別關(guān)注人口最多的幾個(gè)州的州選舉中獲勝。P6
Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population.
5、在 1992 年，，克林頓僅獲得民眾選票的 43%，相比之下，布什是 38%，佩羅是 19%。P6
Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992, compared with Bush's　38 percent and Perot's 19 percent.
三、習題
（一)、詞匯英譯漢：
1.election  2.vote  3.certainty  4.loyalty  5.decline
6.democrat  7.strategy  8.pursue  9.impact  10.headquarters
11.economy  12.stir  13.congress  14.representative to identify…as impact on
(二)、句子英譯漢：
1.~ 5. 與重點(diǎn)句型相同。
6.In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.
7.Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed there throughout most of the campaign, and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans.
8.“The Economy, Stupid.”The slogan was the idea of James Carville, Clinton's chief strategist, and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation's slow-moving economy, which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush.
(三)、句子漢譯英
1.在美國每四年舉行一次總統大選。
The presidential election takes place every four years in the United States.
2.多數黨被提名者得到的支持率往往高出少數黨候選人。
A majority party nominee usually has the advantage of support over a minority party one.
A major-party nominee always gets higher approval rating than a minor-party nominee.
3.策略在總統競選中起關(guān)鍵性的作用。
Strategies play a critical role in the election. Strategy is critical in the presidential election.
4.為了爭取選票，總統候選人特別關(guān)注那些重要的州。
To win the presidency, a candidate is particularly concerned with winning the states which are important.
In order to get the votes, presidential candidates are concerned with those important states.
5.美國有十幾個(gè)政黨，其中只有兩個(gè)黨是主要黨。
There are about a dozen political parties in America, only two of which are major parties.

UNIT 10-3

1.Victory in the eleven   （large） states alone would provide an electoral majority. （99.10）
答案：largest。此題主要考查 large 的最高級。
2.Even Democrat George McGovern,   had the lowest level of party support among recent
Nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party's voters. （99.10）
A.who B.whose C.that　D.which
答案：A. who 引導的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。
3.漢譯英：這與其說(shuō)取決于候選人的個(gè)人特點(diǎn)不如說(shuō)取決于外部因素。（00.4） 答案：This depends on external factors rather than on a candidate's personal
characteristics.
4.In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling   （begin） in the 1930s. （00.10）
答案：began。此題考查過(guò)去時(shí)，因為有一個(gè)明顯的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“in the 1930s”。
5.Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to   the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other. （01.4）
A.make it possible B.make possible C.make possibly D.make it possibly
答案：B.本題中 make 的賓語(yǔ)太長(cháng)，所以放到了賓補 possible 的后面?！癿ake …possible” 表示“使…成為可能”。
6.In deciding   a course of action, the candidate tried to estimate its
likely impact on the voters. （02.4） A.what to pursue
B.which to pursue
C.whether to pursue
D.if to pursue
答案：C.分析：所要填的空是 deciding 的賓語(yǔ)。而 pursue 后面的賓語(yǔ)是 a course of action。 選項 A “what to pursue”, what 是賓語(yǔ)。選項 B 中，which 也是作主語(yǔ)或賓 語(yǔ)。選項 D. 語(yǔ)法結構不對，因此選 C.
7.A major-party nominee has the critical advantage in the campaign for the presidential election   he has the support from the party faithful. （ 03 ，
10 ）
A.in that B.in which C.for which D.for that
答案：A “在于”（復合連詞表示原因）
Trans lation
1.  眾所周知，美國總統選舉每四年一次。
答： It  is  well  known  that pres idential  elections occur in  the United States  every 4 years .
2.  克林頓那時(shí)始終把競選的注意力集中在國家緩慢發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟上。
答： At that time  Clinton always  kept  the campaign focused on the nation’s s low-developing economy.
3.  候選人都想盡力表現出一種強有力的領(lǐng)袖形象。
答： Candidate  try  to project a  strong leaders hip image.
4.  選民們是否接受這一形象更取決于外在因素。 答案
答：Whether voters  accept this  image  depends more  on external factors .
5.  候選人特別關(guān)注如何在人口最多那些州獲勝。
答： Candidates are particularly concerned with how to win the states which have th e largest population .

UNIT 11-1

一、word study
replace,litter,refine,reproduce
① replace vt.1、把。。。放回（原處），使恢復（原職）；2、更換，以。。。替代 The airline is currently replacing its DC10s w ith DC Super 80s.
這家航空公司正在用 DC 超 80 飛機取代 DC10 飛機。
Please replace the new spaper after reading.
報紙閱后請放回原處。
② litter n.1、（供動(dòng)物睡眠或植物防凍的）干草；2、雜亂無(wú)章；3、（貓狗等）一窩（仔畜）；4、【總 稱(chēng)】亂丟的東西（尤指廢紙等雜物） vt.1、為（動(dòng)物）鋪草；2、（多產(chǎn)動(dòng)物）產(chǎn)（仔）；3、亂丟
The boxes are filled w ith litter for the small animals to live in.
箱子里鋪滿(mǎn)干草以便小動(dòng)物能夠在里邊住。
The children picked up all the litter on the playground.
孩子們把亂扔在操場(chǎng)上的廢紙等雜物都拾了起來(lái)。 I w as surprised to see his room in such a litter. 我看到他的房間如此亂七八糟感到驚訝。
Please don’t litter.
請不要亂丟東西。
Please don’t litter the room.
請不要在屋里亂扔東西。
Please don’t litter w aste papers round the room..
請不要在屋里亂扔廢紙。
③ refine vt.1、提純，精制；2、使精美，使完善
They have built a factory to refine cane sugar.
他們建了一個(gè)提煉蔗糖的工廠(chǎng)。 He has refined his manners. 他已使自己的舉止儀態(tài)變得高雅完美。
Reporters tried to refine their questions to draw their expected response.
記者們力圖把問(wèn)題提得巧妙，以便引起他們所期望的答復。
④ reproduce vt.1、繁殖；2、再生產(chǎn)，再生長(cháng)（器官）；3、復制；4、再現，重現 There are animals which can reproduce a lost part of their bodies. 有些動(dòng)物能使身體上失去的某部分再生。
Frogs reproduce themselves by laying eggs.
青蛙通過(guò)產(chǎn)卵繁殖。
A tape-recorder w ill reproduce your lecture.
錄音機將放出你的講課錄音。
He reproduced the painting by photography.
他通過(guò)照相復制了那副油畫(huà)。
The conditions that existed ten years ago are reproduced today.
十年前的情形今天又重現了。
二、?？季湫?/span>
1、使用動(dòng)物對于發(fā)展麻醉學(xué)具有至關(guān)重要的作用。P2
The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics.
2、用動(dòng)物進(jìn)行研究與我們的健康無(wú)關(guān)，它產(chǎn)生的后果常常起誤導作用。P4
Animal research  is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results.
3、人和動(dòng)物對藥物的反應不同，身體作用的方式也不同。P4
People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies work.
4、如果把還沒(méi)有在動(dòng)物身上徹底實(shí)驗過(guò)的藥物用在人身上，那是完全不負責任和不道德的。P5
It  would be completely  irresponsible  and unethical to use drugs on people that  had not been
thoroughly tested on animals.

UNIT 11-2

5、計算機模型的最終目的是減少用作實(shí)驗對象的動(dòng)物數量。P6
The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.
6、現在已有很多別的新技術(shù)，使更多的研究能在試管里進(jìn)行，以便發(fā)現化學(xué)藥品是否產(chǎn)生 有害的生物效果。P7
Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.
7、用于實(shí)驗室實(shí)驗的動(dòng)物數量在過(guò)去 20 年中已經(jīng)減少。P8
The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years.
8、這部分地是由于采用替代的方法，部分地是由于實(shí)驗比以前設計的更好，所以需要的動(dòng) 物就少了。P8
This is partly due to alternatives  and partly  to the fact that experiments  are better designed so fewer need to be used.
9、該系的大衛莫頓教授正在進(jìn)行動(dòng)物研究，他熱心于盡可能地減少動(dòng)物的痛苦。P9
Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible.
10、這包括把它們豢養在更符合要求的籠子里。P9
This includes keeping them in more suitable cages. include  后面接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。
11、在美國，進(jìn)行一次神經(jīng)再生實(shí)驗要在老鼠腿上切掉一大段神經(jīng)。P10
In the US,one experiment in nerve regeneration involves  cutting a big nerve in a rat’s leg .
12、例如當研究心臟病和它對身體的影響時(shí)，或者當研究大腦疾病時(shí)，我們沒(méi)有充分的代用 品來(lái)代替動(dòng)物。P12
When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body, we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals. When it comes to  當提到…的時(shí)候
三、習題
1.動(dòng)物研究對人類(lèi)醫學(xué)的發(fā)展做出了重大的貢獻。
Animal research has made great contributions to human medical development. Animal research has contributed a great deal to the development of human medicine.
2.動(dòng)物研究是否與人體健康有關(guān)，人們持不同態(tài)度。
People have different ideas about whether animal research is relevant to human health.
3 用于實(shí)驗的動(dòng)物數量在過(guò)去二十年中已大大減少了。
The number of animals used in experiments has declined greatly over the past 20 years.
研究的新成果表明，少數實(shí)驗可以放棄使用動(dòng)物。
4.The new research findings show that a few experiments can be done w ithout using animals. The new development in research has show n that a small proportion of tests can be donew ithout using animals.
5.盡管醫學(xué)技術(shù)越來(lái)越先進(jìn)，但完全停止使用動(dòng)物做實(shí)驗仍然很遠。
Although  medical  techniques  are becoming  more advanced,  stopping testing  on  animals altogether is a long w ay aw ay.
Although medical technique becomes more and more advanced, stopping testing on animals altogether is a long w ay aw ay.
四、歷年試題
1. The number of animals used in laboratory tests __(decline) over the last 20 yea rs. (99.10)
答案： has declined 。 考點(diǎn)：本句中 over the last 20 years 是明顯的表示現在完成時(shí)的 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。因此本句用現在完成時(shí)。
2. To assume the care for the pets can help bring  the__ humanity in our children and even in us adults. (99.10)
A. about B. in C. out D. up 答案
答案： C ?？键c(diǎn)： 本題主要考查詞組 bring out 表示“使顯示，顯現；生產(chǎn)，使產(chǎn)生”

UNIT 11-3

3. It is touching to see how a cat or dog – especially a dog – itself to family a nd wants to share in all its goings and comings. (00.4)
A. attributes B. applies C. assigned D. attaches
答案： D ?？键c(diǎn)：本題主要考查詞組 attach … to 表示“把 … 附加到，使 … 與 … 相關(guān)”。
4. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals_ _(use) in e xperiments many decrease. (00.10)
答案： used ?？键c(diǎn)：本題主要考查 used 過(guò)去分詞 做定語(yǔ)修飾 animals 。
5. Some people think that animal research is irrelevant_ _our health and that it c an often produce misleading results. (01.4)
A. with B. at C. on D. to
答案： D 。本題主要考查詞組 be irrelevant to 表示“與 … 不相關(guān)”。
6. 漢譯英：他的膚色與他是否是個(gè)好教授沒(méi)有關(guān)系。
答案：The color of his skin is irrelevant to whether he is a good professor or not
7. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used in exper iments may decrease, but stopping__ _(test) on animals altogether is a long way aw ay.
答案： testing 。本題主要考查詞組 stop doing sth. 停止做某事。 Translation
1. 有人認為用動(dòng)物進(jìn)行實(shí)驗根本沒(méi)有必要。
答： There are those who think the test on animals are simply unnecessary.
2. 人和動(dòng)物對藥物的反應并不相同。
答： People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs.
3. 新技術(shù)使我們容易找到代替動(dòng)物實(shí)驗的方法。
答： New technology makes it easy for us to find alternative methods of testing on animals.
4. 正是狗教會(huì )我們忠誠和奉獻，而貓卻對此一無(wú)所知。
答： It is the dog who can teach us lessons of loyalty and devotion that no cat eve r knows.
5. 照料小貓們有助于培養孩子的人情味。
答： Caring for cats can help bring out the humanity in children.

UNIT 12-1

一、word study
spur,confront,reflection,drift
① spur n.1、踢馬刺；2、刺激（物），鼓勵；鼓舞
This book is a spur to the child ’s intellect and imagination. 這本書(shū)激發(fā)了那個(gè)孩子的智力和想象力。 vt.1、用踢馬刺催促（馬）；2、激勵，鞭策
He spurred his horse and ran aw ay.
他用踢馬刺策馬，跑開(kāi)了。
The thought of the prize spurred me on.
要奪獎的思想激勵著(zhù)我前進(jìn)。
② confront vt.1、面對，遭遇；2、正視；對抗
Escape being impossible, the rabbit turned to confront the dog.
逃跑是不可能的，兔子就轉過(guò)頭來(lái)和狗對抗。 The disease confronted him with death. 疾病使他面臨死亡。
The difficulties that confront us cannot be overcome. 我們所面臨的困難無(wú)法克服。 如果用被動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài)，則 confronted 后用 w ith 或 by。
We are confronted by many difficulties.
我們面臨許多困難。
The explorers were confronted with many challenges.
探險者遇到了許多挑戰。
③ reflection n.1、反射，反映，映像；2、沉思，考慮 The reflection of light confused us. 反光使我們頭暈眼花。
The reflection of the sun w as blinding.
反射的太陽(yáng)光令人目眩。
This poem is a reflection of my mood at the time I w rote it.
這首詩(shī)反映了我執筆時(shí)的心情。
He was looking at his reflection in the mirror.
他看著(zhù)自己在鏡中的映像。
After some reflection the manager granted the request.
經(jīng)理稍一思索，便允許了請求。
④ drift n.1、漂流；2、傾向，趨勢
The w eather forecast reported an easterly drift of w ind.
天氣預報報告風(fēng)向偏東。
The general drift of affairs was towards war.
總的勢態(tài)是趨向戰爭。
vi.漂流；漂泊
We watched the leaves drift down the stream.
我們看著(zhù)樹(shù)葉沿小河漂去。
Our conversation drifted from one topic to another.
我們的話(huà)題換了又換。
In order to find a job, he drift from California to Toronto. 為找到一份工作，他從加利福尼亞漂泊到多倫多。 vt.使漂流
The snow w as drifted in great piles against the house.
雪被風(fēng)吹到房子旁邊，積成一堆一堆的。

UNIT 12-2

二、?？季湫?/span>
1、夢(mèng)幻最好也不過(guò)被認為是對生活中的實(shí)際事物的一種補償性的替代。P1
At its best, daydreaming w as considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life.
2、總有那么一些人，他們用想入非非的生活來(lái)代替從實(shí)際活動(dòng)中得到的好處。P2
There are alw ays those w ho would substitute fantasy lives for the rewards of real activity.
3、大部分人受夢(mèng)幻過(guò)少而不是過(guò)多之苦。P2
Most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it.
4、不僅他們應付每日生活的壓力的能力變差，他們的自我控制和自我導向能力也會(huì )受到損 害。P2
Not  only  are  they  less able  to deal  w ith  the  pressure of  day-to-day  existence,  but  also  their self–control and self-direction become endangered.
5、但它的好處不只這些。P3
But its beneficial effects go beyond this .  Go beyond  表示" 超越…， 不僅僅是…"
6、在歷史上，科學(xué)家和發(fā)明家是似乎能充分利用松弛時(shí)刻的一類(lèi)人。P7
Historically , scientists and inventors are one group that seems to take full advantage of relaxed moments.  Take advantage of 利用
7、無(wú)論何時(shí)他遇到好像一個(gè)解決不了的問(wèn)題時(shí)，他會(huì )躺在實(shí)驗室沙發(fā)上，四肢舒展，讓各 種幻覺(jué)涌滿(mǎn)他的腦海。P7
Whenever  confronted with a task w hich seemed  too hard  to be dealt with, he would stretch out on his laboratory sofa and let fantasies flood his mind.
8、你要把自己幻想成一個(gè)勝利者，這將有助于你取得成就。P10
Picture yourself as winning and that w ill contribute remarkably to success.
9、重要的是要記住，你幻想這些期望的目標時(shí)就好像你已經(jīng)實(shí)現了它們那樣。P11
The important thing  to remember is  to picture these desired objectives  as if you  had already attained them.
三、習題
（一）、詞匯英譯漢：
1. symptom 2. intellectual 3. detail 4. initial
5. inventor 6. confront 7. sensitivity 8. reflection
9. creativity 10. character 11. trace 12. modest
詞組：
13. investment 14. to substitute … for 15. be contrary to 16. to put off
17. be confronted with 18. to gaze at
19. be unaware of 20. to impress…on
21. be free from 22. be beneficial to
（二）、句子英譯漢：
1.~9.  與?？季湫拖嗤?。 三、漢譯英
1.最近的研究成果表明，白日做夢(mèng)是日常生活的一部分。
Recent research shows / indicates that daydreaming is part of daily life .
2.白日做夢(mèng)不僅有利于心態(tài)平衡，而且能提高人們的自控力。
Daydreaming is not only beneficial to the mental balance, but also to enhance one's ability of self-control.
Daydreaming  can  not  only  help  maintain  emotional  balance  ,  but  also  improve  one's self-control .
3.歷史上許多科學(xué)家與發(fā)明家曾充分利用白日夢(mèng)。
Historically, many scientists and inventors have taken full advantage of daydreaming. Many scientists and inventors in history took full use of daydreaming.
4.有的作曲家在作曲時(shí)幾乎像進(jìn)入了很深的白日夢(mèng)狀態(tài)。
While composing, some composers seem to approach a state of deep daydreaming.
Some  composers  seemed  to  approach  a  state  of  deep  daydreaming  while  they  w ere composing.
5.在夢(mèng)境中不要將自己描繪成失敗者而應該是成功者。
Picture yourself as a w inner rather than loser in your daydream. Picture yourself in your daydream as w inning rather than defeated.

UNIT 12-3

四、歷年試題
1. According to Dr. Kramer,_ __people who appear in your dreams, _ you are on aw akening. （ 99.10 ）
A  as many … as happy B  the more… the more happy C  the more… the happi er D  the most … the happiest
答案： C ?？键c(diǎn)：本題主要考查 the + 比較級， the + 比較級，結構是“越 … , 越 … ”
2. Hold a picture of yourself long and steadily enough__ your mind's eye, and you will be drawn toward it . (99.10)
A. at B. in C. before D. in front of
答案： B ?？键c(diǎn)：本題主要考查詞組 in one's mind's eye 意思是“在腦海中”。
3. In the past two decades, research__ _(expand) our knowledge about sleep and dre ams. (00.4)
答案： expanded 。本題主要考查現在完成時(shí)?！?in the past two decades ”經(jīng)常是表示現 在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
4. It has been proved that their best ideas seem_ _(occur) when they were relaxing. (01.4)
答案： to have occurred 。 考點(diǎn)：本題主要考查 seem 后面要加動(dòng)詞不定式完成式作賓語(yǔ)。
5. 漢譯英：科學(xué)家正在研究為什么白日夢(mèng)會(huì )有益于人們的健康。 (01.4)
答案： Scientists are studying why daydreaming is beneficial to people's health.
6. A life_ _(live) without fantasy and daydreaming is a really poor life indeed.（ 02.4 ）
答案： lived ?？键c(diǎn)： lived 是過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾 life 。 詞組“ live a …life ”表示 過(guò)著(zhù) … 樣的生活。
詞匯精講
daydream vi./n. 白日做夢(mèng)     s ymptom n. 癥狀，征兆
Most infections are  contagious before any s ymptoms  are  noticed.
大多數傳染病在癥狀被發(fā)現之前已具有傳染性。
He  recognizes  the symptoms ,  but refus es  to admit  that he  has marital  problems .
他承認這些征兆，但不愿承認自己的婚姻發(fā)生了問(wèn)題。

UNIT 13-1

一、word study
compel,undertake,coincide,gamble,go in for
① compel    vt.強迫（compel…to 或 compel…to sth）
They w ere often compelled to w ork twelve or fourteen hours a day.
他們常常不得不每天工作 12 或 14 小時(shí)。
He alw ays tried to compel me to his w ill .
他總是想逼我服從他的意愿。
The performance compelled tears from the audience.(=…compel the audience to shed tears)
表演使觀(guān)眾感動(dòng)得落淚。
② undertake vt.1、著(zhù)手做，進(jìn)行；2、承擔，從事，進(jìn)行；3、承擔，答應（to）
The police undertook detailed and comprehensive investigations into the case.
警察對這個(gè)案件著(zhù)手進(jìn)行了細致和全面的調查。 We undertook to reach home before dark. 我們爭取天黑以前到家。
Do you know the law yer who undertook the case?
你認識負責處理此案的律師嗎？ Reluctantly he undertook the task. 他勉勉強強地接受了這一使命。
He undertook to preserve a strictly neutral position.
他承諾嚴守中立。
③ coincide vi.一致，相符（w ith）
The centres of the two circles coincide.
這兩個(gè)圓的圓點(diǎn)重合。
They cannot go to the theatre together because his free time never coincide w ith hers.
他們不能一起去看戲，因為他和她從來(lái)都不是同時(shí)有空。
The judges didn ’t coincide in opinion.
法官們意見(jiàn)不一。
④ gamble vi./vt.1、賭博，打賭（on）；2、投機，冒險
They gambled on the result of a competition.
他們對競賽的結果打賭。
The young man has gambled everything away.
那個(gè)年輕人把什么都輸掉了。
I w ouldn’t gamble on Jim‘s paying the bill if I were you.
假如我是你，我不會(huì )期望杰姆付賬的。
He gambled his savings to start a small shop. 他孤注一擲用自己的積蓄開(kāi)了一家小商店。 n.1、賭博；2、投機，冒險
The operation may not succeed; it ’s a gamble w hether the patient lives or dies.
手術(shù)可能不成功，病人的生死是一次冒險。
⑤ go in for
1、參加，從事；2、以。。。為興趣，愛(ài)好
I’m going to go in for the final examination next w eek.
下星期我將參加期末考試。
As my intellect is not adapted for science, I must go in for art.
我的頭腦不適應科學(xué)，我應該學(xué)藝術(shù)。 What sports do you go in for? 你喜歡哪些體育項目？
In our department, every student goes in for after-school activities.
我們系的每個(gè)學(xué)生都喜歡課外活動(dòng)。

UNIT 13-3

四、歷年試題
1. The important of these _ (vary) according to the nature of one's life-style. (99.10)
答案： varies 。
2. 漢譯英：他被迫接受了一份他自己毫無(wú)興趣的工作。 答案： He is compelled to take a job.
3. A man can not be really happy if what he enjoys__ (do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance. （ 00.10 ）
答案： doing ?？键c(diǎn)： enjoy 后跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。 Translation
1. 一個(gè)人如果被社會(huì )強迫去做他不樂(lè )意的事情，他就不可能真正快樂(lè )。
答： A man cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing.
2. 工作與勞動(dòng)的區別不在于腦力勞動(dòng)與體力勞動(dòng)的區別。
答： The difference between work and labor does not lie in the difference between m ental and manual jobs.
3. 他說(shuō)老板給他的工作他毫無(wú)興趣。
答： He says the job his boos offers him is of no interest to him.
4. 一個(gè)人是工作者還是勞動(dòng)者可以從他對休閑的態(tài)度上看出來(lái)。 答案
　答： Whether one is a worker or laborer can be seen form his attitude toward leisur e.
5. 對他來(lái)說(shuō)，休閑意味著(zhù)沒(méi)有強制。
答： To him , leisure means freedom from compulsion.